![]() Intriguingly, lower sex ratios were observed for CTS diagnosis in large cohort studies of industrial workers where the exposure to biomechanical risk factors was carefully assessed ( Kapellusch et al., 2014 Violante et al., 2016). In the past, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to identify plausible sex-specific causes of CTS, possibly including hormonal factors, pregnancy, anthropometric characteristics, and non-occupational biomechanical exposures ( Dieck and Kelsey, 1985 Padua et al., 2010 Apostoli et al., 2012 Mondelli et al., 2016a). In Italy, a 4- to 5-fold increase in risk was observed for women compared with men for both CTS diagnosis and surgery ( Mondelli et al., 2002 Violante et al., 2007 Mattioli et al., 2008). ![]() Population studies demonstrated an important difference in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) incidence between males and females ( Mondelli et al., 2002 Mattioli et al., 2008 English et al., 2015 Roquelaure et al., 2017). ![]() ![]() ![]() Biomechanical overload, carpal tunnel syndrome, hand activity level, non-manual workers, occupational exposures, population studies, probabilistic bias analysis, repetition, sensitivity analysis, sex Introduction ![]()
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